These styles were categorized geographically and culturally. Michael clyne, intercultural communication at work. A comparative study between the middle eastern and china. Language learning journal, kaplan 1966 claimed that speakers of different lan guages write according to different rhetorical logics, and that these logics often transfer to writing in a second or foreign language.
Intercultural education and supported their contention by using at least two texts. Investigating pragmatic failures in business letters of. Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education robert b. The term was first coined by the american applied linguist robert kaplan in 1966 to denote eclecticism and subsequent growth of collective knowledge in. Contrastive rhetoric is the study of how a persons first language and his or her culture influence writing in a second language or how a common language is used among different cultures. Orientalism and contrastive intercultural rhetoric. In this seminal paperoften referred to as the doodles paper enkvist, 1997, p. It is believed that such a perspective on intercultural academic communication will not only help move the cr agenda forward, but will also lead to a better understanding of communicative and intercultural competence, and dialogue with the cultural academic other. According to kaplan 1966, the way a person writes is influenced. Kaplan in 1966 wrote an article cultural thought patterns in inter cultural education. Referring to personal communication with kaplan, matsuda.
Through the observation of certain chinese students in the uk, the author found that english academic writing style brought huge obstacles to these learners. According to kaplan, each language and each culture has a paragraph order unique to itself, and learning a particular language is the mastering of its logical system. Almost 40 years ago, robert kaplan 1966 ushered in the new. Nov 01, 2010 cultural thought patterns in intercultural education being an undergraduate with japanese and asian studies minors of course entitles me to take some pretty interesting classes. Other factors that kaplans 1966 study didnt take into account were the.
A comparative study between the middle eastern and china efl. Intercultural teaching and learning strategies for global. In his pioneering 1966 essay, cultural thought patterns in intercultural education, kaplan suggested that the forms of esl english as second language student essays reflect the thought patterns of the writers cultures. A second questionable feature is that kaplan conflated rhetorical patterns with thought patterns. In order to communicate successfully across languages and cultures, one must understand culturally different norms of interaction and peoples values and thought savilletroike, 2003. Digressions are therefore to be considered zigzagging, a waste of time and energy click. His reasoning is that each language of the world is influenced by a thought pattern thats unique. Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education. Correspondingly, kaplan 1966 declared about the compositions of efl learners and the assessment towards the cultural contexts from. Initiated thirty years ago in applied linguistics by robert kaplan, contrastive rhetoric maintains that language and writing are cultural phenomena. Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education, nicknamed the doodles. Pdf the impact of native culture on foreign language writing.
Kaplans 1966 article emphasizes on academic writing in different cultural settings. Fu and townsend 1998, kaplan 1966, 1987 then illustrated. Use the link below to share a fulltext version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Contrastive rhetoric theory is proposed by kaplan 1966 in his cultural thought patterns in intercultural communication. Published on behalf of the language learning research club.
Contrastive rhetoric is an area of research in second language acquisition that identifies problems in composition encountered by second language writers and, by referring to the rhetorical strategies of the first language, attempts to explain them. The effect of ordering and interpretive cues on perceptions of comprehensibility. The richard wright center for the written word enhancing. According to ying, hymess 1962 ethnography of commu. Adapting to cultural differences supervision mcgill. Discourse patterns kaplan the discourse pattern the logical arrangement of ideas of an expository text or of an oral presentation for informational purposes will vary depending on the culture and the native language of the writerspeaker. The term rhetoric is used to denote elements of rhetorical organisation in written discourse. The way writers present their ideas in a paragraph or an essay does not necessarily reflect thought patterns or processes or the way. Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education request pdf. In 1966, kaplan published his famous and controversial article on contrastive rhetoric, cultural thought patterns in intercultural education, which served as a basis for the study of contrastive rhetoric. Kaplan cultural thought patterns 1966 rhetoric english. Kaplan1966cultural thought patterns in intercultural communication. Contrastive rhetoric is the study of how a persons native language and cultural background influence his writing style in a second language.
As lauren supraner explains in her article on, communication and cultural thought patterns, there is a higher likelihood for miscommunication and crosscultural conflict when the listener and speaker do not have similar cultural thought patterns. Kaplan 1966 examined inter cultural thought patterns and found that while paragraph development in arabic was. Research in contrastive rhetoric has examined the formal differences between texts written by native and nonnative speakers of english, and these textual differences have been related to cultural differences. Kaplans original theory contrastive rhetoric is a branch of applied linguistics with very close ties to specific teaching situations. Kaplan 1966, where he uses the method of text analysis, analyzed essays written by students from various speech communities.
The role of chinese efl learners rhetorical strategy use in. Kaplan 1966 cultural thought patterns in intercultural communication. Cultural thought patterns in inter cultural education. Initiated almost thirty years ago by the american applied linguist robert kaplan, contrastive rhetoric maintains that language and writing are. Nevertheless, to teach and perform text production in professional communication, it is not enough to know the different texttypes. Kaplans 1966 pioneering study analyzed the organization.
Kaplan argues that rhetoric, in the sense ofthe organization ofoverall discourse patterns, varies from culture to culture and even from time to time within a. Cultural thought patterns in inter cultural education robert b. Discourse structure in nonnative english discourse volume 14 issue 1 andrea tyler, john bro. Journal of studies in international education, 102, 157172. In this seminal work, kaplan argued that certain cultures argued in particular styles see diagram 1. The impact of native culture on foreign language writing. Writing patterns also recognized as cultural thought patterns. He thus proposed a wellknown and controversial article on contrastive rhetoric about cultural thought patterns in inter. Jul 21, 2014 this idea was first introduced by american linguist robert kaplan in his article cultural thought patterns in intercultural education in 1966. The inception of contrastive rhetoric was catalyzed in 1966 by the publication of robert kaplans cultural thought patterns in intercultural rhetoric. According to kaplan 1966, the way a person writes is influenced heavily by different cultural thought patterns.
Kaplan cultural thought patterns 1966 free download as pdf file. Over the past 30 years, linguistic research on writing, initiated by kaplans 1966 article about cultural thought patterns, has emphasized that culture influences writing. Since robert kaplans 1966 article cultural thought patterns in intercultural education, the field of contrastive rhetoric has grown. A frequently discussed hypothesis concerning the source of crosslinguistic communication difficulty in written discourse is conflicting organizational patterns kaplan, 1966, 1987. Kaplan in 1966 wrote an article cultural thought patterns in intercultural education. Correspondingly, kaplan 1966 declared about the compositions of efl learners and the assessment towards the cultural contexts from the origins of learners. Discourse structure in nonnative english discourse. The basic concept of contrastive rhetoric was introduced by linguist robert kaplan in his article cultural thought patterns in intercultural education language learning, 1966. In a typology of cultural writing patterns of esl students, robert kaplan identifies five models for. Use of transitional words and phrases in chinese and. Kaplan 1966, 1987 has already shown that the writers original cultural thought patterns are most likely to be reflected in their efl. It is worth thinking about how the typically onetoone relationship in supervision can promote racial equality in larger groups, such as cohorts of graduate students. Extending the argument to oral discourse, young 1982 argued that spoken english discourse produced by chinese speakers evidenced a discourselevel topiccomment. International journal of english and education issn.
For example, kaplan 1966 introduced the idea that an english writer would present. In the contemporary society, an increasing number of chinese students pursue higher education in overseas countries. Culture and thought free download as powerpoint presentation. Series foreword since the publication of john swaless.
A systemicfunctional view of text for contrastive rhetoric research. This idea was first introduced by american linguist robert kaplan in his article cultural thought patterns in intercultural education in 1966. Negative language transfer reflected in esl learners. Kaplan seems to consider the reality of italian or french. Dilemmas and decisions in research and instruction. Kaplans article opened the door to a type of study of written language that had not been seen before, and since its publication it has served as the starting point. Jun 05, 2015 similar to the culture thought patterns exhibited in written essay or text, i believe we exhibit these culture patterns in oral language too. The rather infamous diagram leave a reply kaplan, rb. Contrastive rhetoric in world englishes english today. Kaplan presented the diagrams of organizational writing patterns in different languages and explained them from a cultural perspective.
Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education being an undergraduate with japanese and asian studies minors of course entitles me to take some pretty interesting classes. Cultural thought patterns in intercultural communication. Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education explains that text production is influenced by different cultural thought patterns. Formal instruction of rhetorical patterns and the effectiveness of using the l1 in argumentative. A cross cultural analysis of english newspaper editorials. In one of my classes language and society of japan we break into small groups to present chapters of our textbook in ppt format. Early on, kaplan 1966 suggested that teaching reading and writing to foreign students constitutes a different process from that of teaching native speakers given cultural differences inherent in rhetorical patterns of the various languages with which learners interact. The theory of contrastive rhetoric was first introduced by kaplan 1966 as a solution to the.
The teaching of reading and composition to foreign students does differ from the teaching of reading and composition to american students, and cultural differences in the nature of rhetoric supply the key to the difference in teaching approach. Based on empirical analyses of published english written texts and compositions produced mostly by international students from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds see also bloom 1981. Helena wong is an associate professor at the department of reading, esl, foreign languages and philosophy at montgomery college in maryland, usa. The role of chinese efl learners rhetorical strategy use. Ying claims that kaplan did not view language and rhetoric as determinative of thought patterns but that he merely argued that language and rhetoric evolve out of a culture. Topical structure analysis of academic paragraphs in. Studies in contrastive rhetoric since kaplans 1966 article have indicated the need. He made a hypothesis that the academic writing by efl. Discourse structure in nonnative english discourse studies. Robert kaplans theory of contrastive rhetoric liemnathania.
If your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education published in the. In a typology of different cultural writing patterns identified from. The impact of cultural factors on chinese and american. According to kaplan, text production is influenced by different cultural thought patterns represented schematically in the diagrams, and a comparison of these patterns can predict the kinds of problems learners face when writing in their l2. Apr 24, 20 kaplan 1966 cultural thought patterns in intercultural communication.